1000 B.C.E. - 1 A.D.
Norther Andes
Communities settle around to what to day is Ecuador and Colombia. Villages grow in number and size. Cultivations of maize were established.
In the second half of the period, group differentiation began; territorial boundaries were established and communities developed unique traits based on environment and population.
Significant technological advances were made in ceramics and metallurgy. New vessel forms and decorative techniques developed. Toward the end of the period, metallurgy, using gold and copper, is practiced in northern coast of Ecuador and southwestern of Colombia.
In the second half of the period, group differentiation began; territorial boundaries were established and communities developed unique traits based on environment and population.
Significant technological advances were made in ceramics and metallurgy. New vessel forms and decorative techniques developed. Toward the end of the period, metallurgy, using gold and copper, is practiced in northern coast of Ecuador and southwestern of Colombia.
The bowl is surfaced with red slip and burnished to a gloss. Incised geometric designs embellish the inner surface of the dish.
Bowl, 9th–4th century B.C.
Ecuador; Chorrera
Ceramic; H. 9 1/4 in.
Bowl, 9th–4th century B.C.
Ecuador; Chorrera
Ceramic; H. 9 1/4 in.
Life-size masks were the largest objects produced in gold in the ancient Americas. Masks were made as burial offerings, rituals, and ceremonies. They were often flat, with generic details of human faces.
Mask, 1st century B.C.–1st century A.D.
Colombia; Ilama
Gold; H. 7 3/4 in.
Mask, 1st century B.C.–1st century A.D.
Colombia; Ilama
Gold; H. 7 3/4 in.
Central and Southern Andes
Around the costal valleys and highlands of Peru large architectural complexes existed. They were used for civic and ritual activities. Images and symbols appear on local ceramics, textiles, gold, and stone work.
Peoples in the southern Andes (the Altiplano of Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina) remain largely outside having their own ideology and ritual complex.
In the final centuries of the period, more stratified and warlike cultures emerge, particularly on the north and south coasts of Peru. They introduce new technologies and imagery in art and architecture
Peoples in the southern Andes (the Altiplano of Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina) remain largely outside having their own ideology and ritual complex.
In the final centuries of the period, more stratified and warlike cultures emerge, particularly on the north and south coasts of Peru. They introduce new technologies and imagery in art and architecture
Chavín Culture
The village of Chavin de Huantar is one of the oldest known and most admirable pre -Hispanic sites. It is located in North Highlands, Peru. It leaded the first regional civilizations such as that of Salinar Maranga and Nasca. Chavin de Huantar was built of stone blocks, with odd pyramid-shaped structures that have resulted in debate over whether the complex was meant to be used as a temple or a fortress. The inside of Chavin de Huantar features a labyrinthine network of passageways.There were found an amount of religious artifacts, also there are several examples of artwork that show figures with mucus streaming from their nostrils. The Chavin culture achieved an extremely high level of technology and skill in agriculture, art, architecture, and social organization. They dominated a large portion of north and central Peru.
Plan of the Site: Chavín de Huantar, Peru
This image represents the reconstruction of the Ceremonial Complex.They have a U-shape plaza right where in the picture says, "Plaza Circular Hundida". Also there is a subterranean gallery where is says, "Templo Viejo".
source:http://people.wku.edu/darlene.applegate/newworld/webnotes/unit_4/chavin.html
This image represents the reconstruction of the Ceremonial Complex.They have a U-shape plaza right where in the picture says, "Plaza Circular Hundida". Also there is a subterranean gallery where is says, "Templo Viejo".
source:http://people.wku.edu/darlene.applegate/newworld/webnotes/unit_4/chavin.html
The subterranean galleries, are the most unusual feature. The most important complex in the Old Temple is the Lanzon Gallery located in the center of the central wing of the U and is today reached by a doorway to the south of the central staircase. Julio C. tello called this sculpture the Lanzon because of its lance-like shape. The Lanzon faces east alonng the axis of the Old Temple.
Lanzon, 900-200 B.C.
Chavín, North Highlands, Peru
Stone is carved (Granite), H. 4.53m
Source: http://www.evl.uic.edu/gotsis/huacas/lanzon_frameset.html
Lanzon, 900-200 B.C.
Chavín, North Highlands, Peru
Stone is carved (Granite), H. 4.53m
Source: http://www.evl.uic.edu/gotsis/huacas/lanzon_frameset.html
The highest officers of the land could not appear shod in his presence; this mark of respect was pointed by jewelry. For example, gold nose rings. The size increased as they advanced in rank.
Nose Ring, a.c.900-200 B.C.
Chavín, Peru
Gold
Source: http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/jewelry_history_pre-columbian.html
Nose Ring, a.c.900-200 B.C.
Chavín, Peru
Gold
Source: http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/jewelry_history_pre-columbian.html
The San Pedro cactus is the name given to psychoactive species of the genus Trichocereus (T. pachanoi, T. peruvianus) which comprises about thirty species. It is a large columnar cactus that grows up to heights of twenty ft. and it contains mescaline. The mescaline seems to be most highly concentrated in the skin, which can be peeled, dried and made into a powder for consumption.
San Pedro cactus is ancient and its use has been a continuous tradition in Peru for over 3,000 years. The earliest depiction of the cactus is a carving which belongs to the Chavín culture and was found in an old temple at Chavín de Huantar in the northern highlands of Peru.
Artistic renderings of it also appear on later Chavín artefacts such as textiles and pottery. The San Pedro is also a decorative motif of later Peruvian ceramic traditions.
Source:http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/